Preventing the potential spread of COVID-19 can involve a range of precautions, such as isolation and the wearing of personal protective equipment, and education to patients, healthcare workers and the broader community. Once COVID-19 is diagnosed, various treatments may be considered, together with education for the patient and their families/caregivers
- Prevention
- Prevention Findings
- Education
- Medication
- Administrative Procedures
- Therapeutic Procedures
- Treatment Findings
- Treatment Equipment
These data elements are described below, with example SNOMED CT subsets where applicable.
2.5.1 Prevention
Precautionary measures, such as 840534001 | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination| , 225368008 | Contact tracing| , and 170499009 | Isolation of infection contact (procedure)| are extremely important in the fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The following preventative measures can be recorded using SNOMED CT. 1
| CV19-PTE-PreventionProcedures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 1157196000 | Administration of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure) | Administration of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1144997007 | Administration of first dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure) | Administration of first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1157197009 | Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure) | Administration of second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1157108008 | Administration of second dose vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (procedure) | Administration of second dose SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1144998002 | Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure) | Administration of second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1162646009 | Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (procedure) | Administration of second dose of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1156257007 | Administration of vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (procedure) | Administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1157107003 | Administration of vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (procedure) | Administration of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine | 20210731 |
| 840534001 | Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure) | Administration of SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1119350007 | Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure) | Administration of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1162645008 | Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (procedure) | Administration of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
409524006 | Airborne precautions (procedure) | Airborne precautions | 20040731 |
| 422181004 | Antibiotic prophylaxis (procedure) | Antibiotic prophylaxis | 20060731 |
| 449399005 | Application of personal protective equipment (procedure) | Application of personal protective equipment | 20110731 |
| 386242000 | Communicable disease management (procedure) | Communicable disease management | 20030131 |
| 225368008 | Contact tracing (procedure) | Contact tracing | 20020131 |
409529001 | Contact precautions (procedure) | Contact precautions | 20040731 |
| 409686004 | Disinfecting of equipment (procedure) | Disinfecting of equipment | 20040731 |
| 449390009 | Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters (procedure) | Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters | 20110731 |
| 122467006 | Fitting procedure (procedure) | Fitting procedure | 20020131 |
| 77248004 | Infection control procedure (procedure) | Infection control procedure | 20020131 |
| 370832005 | Initiation of traffic control (procedure) | Initiation of traffic control | 20020731 |
361235007 | Isolation of infected patient (procedure) | Isolation of infected patient | 20020131 |
170499009 | Isolation of infection contact (procedure) | Isolation of infection contact | 20020131 |
170500000 | Isolation of infection carrier (procedure) | Isolation of infection carrier | 20020131 |
| 40174006 | Isolation procedure (procedure) | Isolation technique | 20020131 |
| 225995005 | Maintaining a safe environment (procedure) | Maintaining a safe environment | 20020131 |
| 275827007 | Maintaining asepsis (procedure) | Maintaining asepsis | 20020131 |
| 38883000 | Preoperative disinfection of skin (procedure) | Preoperative disinfection of skin | 20020131 |
| 29537000 | Preoperative shaving of skin (procedure) | Preoperative shaving of skin | 20080131 |
| 736762004 | Provision of personal protective equipment (procedure) | Provision of personal protective equipment | 20180131 |
| 409525007 | Respiratory secretion precautions (procedure) | Respiratory secretion precautions | 20040731 |
| 410410006 | Screening surveillance (regime/therapy) | Screening surveillance | 20040731 |
| 409522005 | Standard precautions (procedure) | Standard precautions | 20040731 |
| 409684001 | Sterilization of equipment (procedure) | Sterilization of equipment | 20040731 |
| 409583003 | Transmission-based precautions (procedure) | Transmission-based precautions | 20040731 |
| 243791004 | Viral screening (procedure) | Viral screening | 20080131 |
2.5.2 Prevention Findings
Clinical findings (or situations) relating to the COVID-19 preventative measures performed may be captured in a health record. The following prevention findings (or situations) may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
| CV19-PTE-PreventionFindings | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 1156256003 | Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (disorder) | Adverse reaction to COVID-19 vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1157195001 | Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (disorder) | Adverse reaction to inactivated whole COVID-19 antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1157106007 | Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (disorder) | Adverse reaction to COVID-19 non-replicating viral vector vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1142182006 | Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (disorder) | Adverse reaction to COVID-19 antigen vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1142181004 | Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (disorder) | Adverse reaction to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1162644007 | Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (disorder) | Adverse reaction to COVID-19 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1145003007 | Hypersensitivity to vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (finding) | Hypersensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine | 20210131 |
| 1157198004 | Inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation) | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1157200005 | Inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation) | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined | 20210731 |
| 1157199007 | Second dose of inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation) | Second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1157201009 | Second dose of inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation) | Second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined | 20210731 |
| 1145035007 | Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine contraindicated (situation) | Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine contraindicated | 20210131 |
| 1145034006 | Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation) | Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine declined | 20210131 |
| 1157113007 | Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated (situation) | Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1157120000 | Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined (situation) | Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined | 20210731 |
| 1162648005 | Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation) | Second dose of recombinant spike protein SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1162650002 | Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined (situation) | Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined | 20210731 |
| 1145031003 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine declined | 20210131 |
| 1145023008 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated | 20210131 |
| 1145033000 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined | 20210131 |
| 1145030002 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccination not indicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccination not indicated | 20210131 |
| 1145022003 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine contraindicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine contraindicated | 20210131 |
| 1145032005 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine declined | 20210131 |
| 1145029007 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccination not indicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination not indicated | 20210131 |
| 1157110005 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1157118003 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined | 20210731 |
| 1162647000 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1162649002 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined | 20210731 |
| 1156270003 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination declined (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination declined | 20210731 |
| 1156267002 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination not indicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination not indicated | 20210731 |
| 1156265005 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine contraindicated (situation) | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contraindicated | 20210731 |
| 1156746003 | Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (disorder) | Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia | 20210731 |
2.5.3 Education
Education is an important aspect of preventing and managing COVID-19 infection. The following SNOMED CT concepts may be used to record this data.
| CV19-PTE-Education | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 736017006 | Education about hand hygiene (procedure) | Education about hand hygiene | 20180131 |
| 868263005 | Education about infectious disease (procedure) | Education about infectious disease | 20200731 |
| 223426009 | Equipment use education (procedure) | Equipment use education | 20020131 |
| 698608004 | Hand washing education (procedure) | Hand washing education | 20140131 |
| 385820004 | Infection control education (procedure) | Infection control education | 20100731 |
2.5.4 Medication
A number of countries are trialling the use of medication to treat COVID-19. Many of these medications can be found in the 373873005 | Pharmaceutical / biologic product (product)| hierarchy of SNOMED CT. However until there is sufficient evidence, the WHO is cautioning against associations recommending or administering these unproven treatments to patients with COVID-19 or people self-medicating with them2. For this reason, we have not included a medication treatment subset at this time.
COVID-19 vaccines, however, have been proven to be effective in clinical trials. The following generic vaccine concepts may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
| CV19-PTE-Vaccines | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 28531000087107 | Vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (medicinal product) | COVID-19 vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1157024006 | Vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (medicinal product) | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
| 29061000087103 | Vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (medicinal product) | COVID-19 non-replicating viral vector vaccine | 20210731 |
| 1119305005 | Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (medicinal product) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen only vaccine product | 20210131 |
| 1119349007 | Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (medicinal product) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA only vaccine product | 20210131 |
| 1162643001 | Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (medicinal product) | SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine | 20210731 |
2.5.5 Administrative Procedures
Patients with severe symptoms or complications may require admission to hospital, or other administrative procedures. The following administrative procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
| CV19-PTE-AdministrativeProcedures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 183452005 | Emergency hospital admission (procedure) | Emergency hospital admission | 20020131 |
| 305376003 | Admission to infectious diseases department (procedure) | Admission to infectious diseases department | 20020131 |
| 305351004 | Admission to intensive care unit (procedure) | Admission to intensive care unit | 20020131 |
| 305360007 | Admission to respiratory medicine department (procedure) | Admission to respiratory medicine department | 20020131 |
| 32485007 | Hospital admission (procedure) | Hospital admission | 20020131 |
| 417005 | Hospital re-admission (procedure) | Hospital re-admission | 20020131 |
| 107724000 | Patient transfer (procedure) | Patient transfer | 20020131 |
| 397821002 | Patient transfer to intensive care unit (procedure) | Patient transfer to intensive care unit | 20030731 |
| 710112000 | Transfer of care from hospital (procedure) | Transfer of care from hospital | 20150731 |
| 429202003 | Transfer of care to hospital (procedure) | Transfer of care to hospital | 20080131 |
2.5.6 Therapeutic Procedures
Patients suffering from severe COVID-19 symptoms or complications may require a range of therapeutic procedures, many of them involving supportive care to help them breathe. The following therapeutic procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
| CV19-PTE-TherapeuticProcedures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 40617009 | Artificial respiration (procedure) | Artificial respiration | 20020131 |
| 233573008 | Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (procedure) | Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 20020131 |
| 697984004 | Exteriorization of trachea (procedure) | Exteriorization of trachea | 20140131 |
| 229301009 | Incentive spirometry (regime/therapy) | Incentive spirometry | 20020131 |
| 829831000000100 | Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance (procedure) | Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance | 20200731 |
| 447996002 | Intubation of respiratory tract (procedure) | Intubation of respiratory tract | 20110731 |
| 243141005 | Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation (procedure) | Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation | 20020131 |
| 428311008 | Noninvasive ventilation (procedure) | Noninvasive ventilation | 20080131 |
| 371908008 | Oxygen administration by mask (procedure) | Oxygen administration by mask | 20020731 |
| 371907003 | Oxygen administration by nasal cannula (procedure) | Oxygen administration by nasal cannula | 20020731 |
| 431182000 | Placing subject in prone position (procedure) | Placing subject in prone position | 20080731 |
| 11140008 | Respiratory assist, manual (procedure) | Respiratory assist, manual | 20020131 |
| 1156748002 | Transfusion of convalescent plasma into central vein (procedure) | Transfusion of convalescent plasma into central vein | 20210731 |
| 1156747007 | Transfusion of convalescent plasma into peripheral vein (procedure) | Transfusion of convalescent plasma into peripheral vein | 20210731 |
2.5.7 Treatment Findings
Clinical findings relating to the treatment performed on a patient may be captured in a health record. The following treatment findings may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
| CV19-PTE-TreatmentPreventionFindings | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Concept id | Fully Specified Name | en-US Preferred Term | Effective Time |
| 79031000119101 | Dependence on respirator (finding) | Dependence on respirator | 20150731 |
| 931000119107 | Dependence on supplemental oxygen (finding) | Dependence on supplemental oxygen | 20120731 |
| 444932008 | Dependence on ventilator (finding) | Dependence on ventilator | 20100731 |
| 763326004 | Difficult mask ventilation (finding) | Difficult mask ventilation | 20180731 |
| 718447001 | Difficult tracheal intubation (finding) | Difficult intubation | 20160731 |
| 419991009 | Endotracheal tube present (finding) | Endotracheal tube present | 20060131 |
| 405496006 | Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically (finding) | Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically | 20040131 |
| 22803001 | Normal respiratory function (finding) | Normal respiratory function | 20020131 |
| 371825009 | Patient on oxygen (finding) | Patient on oxygen | 20020731 |
| 371820004 | Patient ventilated (finding) | Patient ventilated | 20020731 |
| 718085007 | Unable to intubate and unable to ventilate (finding) | Cannot intubate cannot ventilate | 20160731 |
| 128258000 | Ventilation finding (finding) | Ventilation finding | 20020131 |
2.5.8 Treatment Equipment
Respiratory equipment includes those medical devices used to support breathing and respiratory function - for example 706173000 |Intensive-care ventilator (physical object)| , and 464328001 |Thoracic cannula (physical object)| .
| CV19-PTE-TreatmentEquipment | |||
Intensional Definition:
<
277973009 |Respiratory equipment (physical object)|
|
Footnotes
Audits in Infection Prevention and Control, IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control (Chapter 6), 3rd edition, 2016, International Federation of Infection Control
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