Introduction

Background

SNOMED CT terminology provides a common language that enables a consistent way of indexing, storing, retrieving, and aggregating clinical data across specialties and sites of care.

SNOMED International maintains the SNOMED CT technical design, the content architecture, the SNOMED CT content (includes the concepts table, the descriptions table, the relationships table, a history table, and ICD mappings), and related technical documentation.

Purpose

This document provides a summarized description of the content changes included in the December 2024 release of SNOMED Clinical Terms^® (SCT) International Edition.

It also includes notes detailing the known content or technical issues where the root cause is understood, the fix has been discussed and agreed to, but has yet to be implemented.

The SNOMED International release notes are available alongside the December 2024 International Edition.

Scope

This document is written for the purpose described above and is not intended to provide details of the technical specifications for SNOMED CT or encompass every change made.

Audience

The audience includes National Release Centers, WHO-FIC release centers, vendors of electronic health records, terminology developers and managers who wish to have an understanding of changes that have been incorporated into the November December 2024 International Edition.

Please note, you may have to register for a Confluence user account in order to access the links included in these release notes.

Content Development Activity

Summary

Continuous quality improvement and enhancement of existing content is an ongoing process undertaken by SNOMED International in preparation for every release. The December 2024 International Edition has seen a continuation of the work driven by contributions from: Kaiser Permanente i.e. Convergent Medical Terminology (CMT), Global Medical Device Nomenclature Agency (GMDNA), Orphanet and other domain specific collaborations as well as requests received via the Content Request System (CRS). 

Information about editorial decisions may be found in the SNOMED CT Editorial Guide; mapping guidance for ICD-10 can be found here.

Quality Initiative

The Quality Initiative (QI) project is the implementation of the Quality Strategy. After a successful pilot project for the July 2018 Edition release, the next stage has been implemented for subsequent releases including December 2024. 

Quality improvement tasks are being deployed to improve internal structural consistency and ensure compliance with editorial policy related to the stated modeling of content. Additionally, correction or addition of defining relationships is being carried out to accurately reflect current clinical knowledge and ensure the semantic reliability of descriptions associated with a concept. 

Update 418285008|Angioplasty of blood vessel (procedure)|

Work has been completed for this content tracker.

Descriptions have been updated to align with Editorial guidance to include access, approach, imaging modality and use of contrast.  The FSN has been aligned with the definition as modeled. Clinical input was sought for correct naming of angioplasty procedures. All modeled as 'Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using fluoroscopic guidance with contrast.'

Number of concepts edited (approx): 150

Concept inactivations: 102

Update Gout, Hyperuricemia and Crystal-associated Arthropathies

A recent consensus document on terminology for gout, hyperuricemia and crystal-associated arthropathies (https://

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31501138/) has been used to inform  the remodeling of gout in SNOMED CT. 

The prime definitional characteristic of gout is the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in tissues, with or without the presence of elevated levels of blood urate.  As elevated blood urates are no longer considered definitional, gout and its subtypes are no longer subtypes of 269859006 |Blood urate above reference range (finding)|.  Gouty arthritis concepts have been re-termed in accordance with the consensus document and classified as subtypes of Crystal arthropathy.

 Body Structure 

Update Descendants of 21514008|Structure of genitourinary system (body structure)|

High level descendants of 21514008|Structure of genitourinary system (body structure)| have been reorganized.

Vas deferens parts and regions have been updated.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 39

Remodel Descendants of 31435000|Fallopian tube structure (body structure)|

The hierarchy of 31435000|Fallopian tube structure (body structure)| has been updated.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 5

SEP and Laterality Anatomy Reference Sets

The release file for the lateralizable body structure reference set has been updated and validated.

The release file for the SEP reference set has been updated and validated.

Clinical Finding

Update Descriptions 169826009|Single live birth (finding)|

After consultation with the Content Managers Advisory Group, the descriptions for

169826009|Single live birth (finding)|

have been updated to

169826009 |Single live birth from singleton pregnancy (finding)|

A new concept has also been added 1351929005 |Single live birth from multiple pregnancy (finding)|

Update Descriptions "Sample" to "Specimen"

64 clinical finding concepts which included "sample" in their FSN and/or PT have been updated to include "specimen" in place of "sample" in the FSN and/or PT. Descriptions have been inactivated and replaced; no concepts have been inactivated.

This follows similar work previously performed in the specimen hierarchy and noted in the Editorial Guide.

Update Concepts Referring to 'Missile'

Missile as a generalized projectile and missile with the narrower meaning of a specific type of weapon have been conflated in the disorders, events and physical object hierarchy.

• 262572000 |Missile injury (disorder)| has been inactivated with reason ambiguous and historical association to 242999003 |Injury due to projectile (disorder)| and new concept 1352005003 |Injury due to missile weapon (disorder)|.
• The existing 52 subtypes of Missile injury (disorder)| - (types of bullet wound, pellet wound and shotgun wound) have been remodeled with the result that they are now subtypes of 242999003 |Injury due to projectile (disorder)| and siblings of 1352005003 |Injury due to missile weapon (disorder)|.
• 44468009 |Missile, device (physical object)| has been inactivated with reason ambiguous and historical association to 1351997000 |Projectile weapon device (physical object)| and new concept 1351998005 |Missile weapon device (physical object)|.
• 29 previous subtypes of 44468009 |Missile, device (physical object)| are now subtypes of 1351997000 |Projectile weapon device (physical object)| and siblings of 1351998005 |Missile weapon device (physical object)|.
• 45224000 |Struck by missile (event)| has been inactivated with reason ambiguous and historical association to 1352002000 |Struck by missile weapon (event)| and 63409001 |Struck by firearm discharge (event)|. Both the latter concepts are now siblings and subtypes of 84829006 |Struck by projectile (event)|.
• Previous subtypes of 45224000 |Struck by missile (event)| all with descriptions "Struck by object falling from x location" have been moved to become subtypes of 71893005 |Struck by falling object (event)|.

Changes in additional hierarchies: Event, physical object

Number of concepts edited (approx): 90

Concept inactivations: 3

Procedure

Radiographic Imaging

Work is progressing for this content tracker for information please see the informational briefing note here.

28367004|Cholangiography (procedure)| and descendants have been reviewed for the December 2024 release.  Where a procedure concept was modeled with method 278110001|Radiographic imaging - action (qualifier value)| but performed using a subtype of that modality such as 312275004|Fluoroscopic imaging - action (qualifier value)|, the concept has been inactivated and replaced with a new concept that specifies the imaging modality and the use of contrast. 28367004|Cholangiography (procedure)| has also been inactivated with historical association to imaging specific procedures.

Update Laparoscopic Repair of Direct Inguinal Hernia 

343560004 |Laparoscopic repair of bilateral, one direct and one indirect, inguinal hernia with graft (procedure)| and 1343561000 |Laparoscopic repair of bilateral, one direct and one indirect, inguinal hernia with prosthesis (procedure)| have both been inactivated with reason ambiguous and historical association to new replacement concepts:

• 1351936006 |Laparoscopic repair of right direct inguinal hernia and left indirect inguinal hernia with graft (procedure)|
• 1351937002 |Laparoscopic repair of left direct inguinal hernia and right indirect inguinal hernia with prosthesis (procedure)|
• 1351935005 |Laparoscopic repair of left direct inguinal hernia and right indirect inguinal hernia with graft (procedure)|
• 1351938007 |Laparoscopic repair of right direct inguinal hernia and left indirect inguinal hernia with prosthesis (procedure)|

Number of concepts edited (approx): 6

Update Excision Small Intestine

The model has been updated to apply SEP (Structure, Entire, and Partial) for excision, total excision, and partial excisions of the small intestine.

280700008 |Vitellointestinal structure (body structure)| has been inactivated because of ambiguity and replaced by a new concept 1348261003 |Persistent embryonic vitelline duct (morphologic abnormality)| and 41629008 |Structure of yolk stalk (body structure)|. The disorders and procedures have been updated.  Disorders of persistent embryonic structures had been classified as disorders of embryonic structures and this has been resolved.

Ileectomy and anastomosis procedures have been fully defined by following the established modeling pattern.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 41

Inactivation of 387644004 |Supracervical hysterectomy (procedure)|

387644004 |Supracervical hysterectomy (procedure)| has been inactivated with reason duplicate and historical association to its parent 387643005 |Partial hysterectomy (procedure)|.

387643005 |Partial hysterectomy (procedure)| remains active with 2 synonyms: Supracervical hysterectomy and Subtotal hysterectomy.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 13

Organism

Update Descriptions Salmonella

One of the synonyms for many descendants of 398428002 |Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (organism) was incorrectly included, e.g. "398387008 | Salmonella IIIb 61:c:z35 (organism) |" belongs to Salmonella IIIb i.e. "Salmonella enteric subs. diarizonae" but had "Salmonella III arizonae 61:c:z35" as a synonym. “Salmonella III arizonae” is an outdated name. “Salmonella enteric subs. arizonae” is now also known as Salmonella IIIa.

A batch update was performed to:

• Remove any synonyms containing "Salmonella III arizonae" (if one exists), e.g “Salmonella III arizonae 61:c:z35” 
• Replace the inactivated synonym with a similar one containing “Salmonella enterica subs. diarizonae”, e.g. “Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae 61:c:z35”

Number of concepts edited (approx): 360

Pharmaceutical/Biologic Product

Update Axiom Therapeutic Role

21 concepts in the medicinal products hierarchy were erroneously modeled with multiple stated sufficient axioms instead of a single additional axiom for the therapeutic role.  These axioms have now been inactivated. A substance concept was also similarly identified with multiple sufficient axioms and has been remodeled. Further informations is available in this briefing note.

Substance

Soft Hyphen in Descriptions

A report was received about the presence of ‘soft hyphens’ in the FSN and preferred term for this concept 138911000146100 |Trimethylbenzenepropanol (substance)| which was published in the 1 March 2024 International Edition.

The FSN and PT have been inactivated and replaced for this concept. No further instances were found in other published descriptions. New validation will be introduced to identify further issues of this type at the time of editing.

Collaboration/Harmonization Agreements

Convergent Medical Terminology (CMT)

44 CMT concepts have been added, predominately in the injury domain.

Orphanet

Working in collaboration with Orphanet efforts are ongoing to update rare disease concepts in SNOMED CT to maintain alignment with Orphanet for the annual update of the SNOMED CT to Orphanet Maps. Work has commenced to annotate content added for the Orphanet project with attribution to Inserm Orphanet. As part of this effort, textual definitions for concepts previously added for the Orphanet project will be updated to align with the current published version of the Orphanet definition. This will result in published text definitions being inactivated and replaced in bulk. Timelines for publication of these changes can be found in the Early Visibility Release Notifications

NOTE: approximately 130 new annotation are missing the languageDialectCode, this will be added as a batch update for a future international edition release.

All of the concepts added for the Orphanet project have been mapped to ICD-10.

Cancer Synoptic Reporting

Cancer synoptic reports are used by many member countries to record pathology examination of cancer specimens including the College of American Pathologists (US

Description changes: Added details of access, approach, imaging and contrast.

 Body Structure 

Inactivation of 127907005 |Structure of undescended testis (body structure)| and Descendants

127907005 |Structure of undescended testis (body structure)| and descendants have been inactivated as they are not true anatomical notions but relate to an abnormal location of a testis.  These concepts have been given a historical association to an appropriate disorder in the 204878001 |Undescended testicle (disorder)| hierarchy. 

Procedure concepts relating to undescended testis have been remodeled where appropriate using the ‘Has focus’ attribute: as a consequence all concepts in the hierarchy 85419002 |Orchidopexy (procedure)| have been modeled using this attribute-value pair where the procedure is exclusively performed for undescended testis (some orchidopexy procedures can also be deployed for torsion of the testes).

Number of concepts edited (approx): 40

Remodel 88481005 |Sublingual gland structure (body structure)|

Concepts relating to 88481005 |Sublingual gland structure (body structure)| have been updated to harmonize the approach used with the other major salivary gland - specifically an 'apparatus' parent.

76922005 |Structure of polystomatic sublingual gland (body structure)| and 3198009 |Structure of monostomatic sublingual gland (body structure)| have been inactivated as they are not used to describe human anatomy. The major salivary glands have also been defined in relation to the region where they are located which has resulted in additional superordinates for the disorders and procedures which the anatomy defines.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 10

New Concept 1351430008 |Structure of velopharynx (body structure)|

1351430008 |Structure of velopharynx (body structure)| has been added which is an important notion particularly in relation to disorders of speech and language - those disorders have been remodeled with this new concept resulting in improved classification.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 20

Update Descendants of 372203005 |Parotid gland part (body structure)| 

​New descendants of 372203005 |Parotid gland part (body structure)| have been added:

• 1351360004 |Structure of glenoid process of parotid gland (body structure)|
• 1351361000 |Structure of pterygoid process of parotid gland (body structure)|
• 1351369003 |Structure of corniculate tubercle (body structure)|.

Number of concepts edited (approx): 8

SEP and Laterality Anatomy Reference Sets

The release file for the lateralizable body structure reference set has been updated and validated.

The release file for the SEP reference set has been updated and validated.

Clinical Finding

Update Crystal-associated Arthropathies

Crystal-associated arthropathies such as 1348274009 |Hydroxyapatite deposition disease (disorder)| and descendants have been modeled as subtypes of Periarthritis as the deposition occurs in the periarticular soft tissues.

Procedure

Radiographic Imaging

Work is progressing for this content tracker for information please see the informational briefing note here.

Revision of 363243005|Nonsurgical manipulation procedure (procedure)| 

363243005|Nonsurgical manipulation procedure (procedure)| has been updated to add missing subtypes.

Reactivation of 307279007 |Replacement of heart valve with prosthesis (procedure)|

307279007 |Replacement of heart valve with prosthesis (procedure)| has been reactivated (with new FSN). The previous modeling with a single role group using the 713295009 |Surgical replacement - action (qualifier value)| has been substituted with 2 role groups.

• Role group one:  129306000 |Surgical removal - action (qualifier value)| and 405813007 |Procedure site - Direct (attribute)| with target values << 17401000 |Cardiac valve structure (body structure)|
• Role group two: 129338005 |Surgical implantation - action (qualifier value)| and 405814001 |Procedure site - Indirect (attribute)| with target values << 305437000 |Structure of cardiac valve annulus (body structure)| as the site of anchoring of prosthetic replacements.

Subtypes of 307279007 |Replacement of heart valve with prosthesis (procedure)| related to 'repair with anastomosis' have not been updated and will be reviewed as part of work being undertaken for bypass graft.

​Number of concepts edited (approx): 167

Substance

Update 385420005 |Contrast media (substance)|

The 95 subtypes of 385420005 |Contrast media (substance) have been updated.

New substance concepts including groupers have been added, these changes include:

• New subtypes (and change to FSN) for 419098001 |Radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)|
• New grouper subtype 1348252003 |Iodinated radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)| for existing concept  426722004 |Iodinated contrast media (substance)|
• New concept 1340006004 |Ionic iodinated radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)|
• New concept 1340009006 |Non-ionic iodinated radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)|
• New concept 1340007008 |Ionic high-osmolality iodinated radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)|
• New concept 1340008003 |Ionic low-osmolality iodinated radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)|
• New concept 1348316000 |Barium-based radiographic imaging contrast media (substance)|
• Description update for 419909004 |Magnetic resonance imaging contrast media (substance)|
• New concept 1348311005 |Gadolinium-based contrast media (substance)| with subtypes added
• New concept 1348313008 |Iron-based contrast media (substance)| with subtypes added
• New concept 1348312003 |Manganese-based contrast media (substance)| with subtypes added
• New concept 1348310006 |Paramagnetic contrast media (substance)| with subtypes added
• New concept 1348314002 |Superparamagnetic contrast media (substance)| with subtypes added
• New concept 1348321002 |Ultrasound contrast media (substance)| with subtypes added

1295466006 |Plain X-ray with contrast (procedure)| and subtypes have been updated with the appropriate contrast media substance. Radiographic imaging procedures that use barium contrast have also been updated. Other contrast procedures for differing imaging modalities will be updated as part of the QI project.

Physical Object

Inactivation of 105789008 |Cannula/tube/catheter, device (physical object)|

105789008 |Cannula/tube/catheter, device (physical object)| has been inactivated as AMBIGUOUS with target relationship POSSIBLY EQUIVALENT TO: 83059008 |Tube, device (physical object)|; 19923001 |Catheter, device (physical object)|;and 12150006 |Cannula, device (physical object)|.

Social Context

Inactivation 255409004 |Pregnant woman (person)|

255409004 |Pregnant woman (person)| has been inactivated with reason Nonconformance to editorial policy and replaced by 77386006 |Pregnancy (finding)|.

Collaboration/Harmonization Agreements

Convergent Medical Terminology (CMT)

Work is ongoing for this content area. 

Orphanet

Working in collaboration with Orphanet efforts are ongoing to update rare disease concepts in SNOMED CT to maintain alignment with Orphanet for the annual update of the SNOMED CT to Orphanet Maps. Work has commenced to annotate content added for the Orphanet project with attribution to Inserm Orphanet. As part of this effort, textual definitions for concepts previously added for the Orphanet project will be updated to align with the current published version of the Orphanet definition. This will result in published text definitions being inactivated and replaced in bulk. Timelines for publication of these changes can be found in the Early Visibility Release Notifications.

All of the concepts added for the Orphanet project have been mapped to ICD-10.

Cancer Synoptic Reporting

Cancer synoptic reports are used by many member countries to record pathology examination of cancer specimens including the College of American Pathologists (US and Canada), Royal College of Pathology (UK), Royal College of Pathology Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), PALGA (The Netherlands), Swedish Society of Pathology, and others.

For more information about this project, please see Cancer Synoptic Reporting Clinical Project Group 

International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)

In line with approved harmonized terminology, this project is working on alignment including restructuring to update the hierarchy  << 313307000 |Epileptic seizure (finding)|.

Further information about the project is available here

Nursing

30 nursing procedure concepts have been added. These included informing, education, giving encouragement, assessments and management.

Eye Care Clinical Reference Group

80 new procedures have been added to support the treatment of glaucoma including lateralized content.  Additionally, new body structures have been created to define the new concepts. 

Zealand), PALGA (The Netherlands), Swedish Society of Pathology, and others.

For more information about this project, please see Cancer Synoptic Reporting Clinical Project Group 

International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)

In line with approved harmonized terminology, this project is working on alignment including restructuring to update the hierarchy  << 313307000 |Epileptic seizure (finding)|.

Further information about the project is available hereThis ongoing work aims to establish a preferred list of glaucoma procedures for international use, facilitating outcomes research.

Internal Quality Improvement

Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM) Changes

There are no changes for the MRCM in the November December 2024 International Edition.

Future changes that are currently in progress can be viewed via the MRCM Daily Build Browser

Please see early visibility Early Visibility Release Notifications for future planned changes to MRCM.

Annotation Reference Set

The addition of content for the Annotations refset was commenced in the July 2024 International Edition release and is ongoing for attribution of text definition to organizations with a collaboration agreement, starting with Inserm Orphanet.  

NOTE: approximately 130 new annotation are missing the languageDialectCode, this will be added as a batch update for a future international edition release.

SNOMED CT derived products

ICD-10 map

The SNOMED CT to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (© World Health Organization 1994) 2016 Version map (SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Map) is included in the SNOMED CT International Edition as a Baseline. The SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Map was created to support the epidemiological, statistical and administrative reporting needs of SNOMED International member countries and WHO Collaborating Centers.

The SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Map is released in Release Format 2 (RF2) only. It is located in the file der2_iisssccRefset_ExtendedMapFull_INT_20200731.txt, which is in the Map folder under Refset, in each of the three RF2 Release Type folders. 

The SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Map is released as Refset 447562003 |SNOMED CT to ICD-10 extended map (foundation metadata concept).

The ICD-10 Mapping Technical Guide (including exemplars) is hosted here https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/display/DOCICD10

Content Development Activity Summary

The map is a directed set of relationships from SNOMED CT source concepts to ICD-10 target classification codes.  The SNOMED CT source domains for the MAP are limited to subtypes of 404684003 |clinical finding|, 272379006 |event| and 243796009 |situation with explicit context|.  The target classification codes are ICD-10 2016 release. 

Mapped content for December 2024

The map provided for the December 2024 International Edition has been updated, and now represents a complete map from SNOMED CT International Edition to ICD-10 2016 version.

• 434  newly authored concepts have been added and mapped.

• The SNOMED to ICD-O (morphology) map has no additional concepts added as a result of the ICD-O 3.2 review or added due to CRS requests. 

We would welcome feedback on any issues that users of the map may detect when using the map. Issues should be submitted via mapping@snomed.org

SNOMED CT to OWL conversion and classification

The repository containing the toolkit enabling simple SNOMED CT to OWL conversion and classification can be found here, including documentation on its use: https://github.com/IHTSDO/snomed-owl-toolkit

Please contact SNOMED International at support@snomed.org if you would like to provide any feedback on ways to extend and improve the new toolkit.

Technical notes

Known Issues

Known Issues are content or technical issues where the root cause is understood, and the resolution has been discussed and agreed but has yet to be implemented.  This can be due to a number of reasons, from lack of time within the new monthly editing cycles, to the risk of impact to the stability of SNOMED CT if the fix were to be deployed at that stage in the Product lifecycle.  

For the current SNOMED CT International Edition, the following Known Issues were identified, and agreed to be resolved in future editing cycles:

Resolved Issues

Resolved issues are Known Issues which were not fixed as part of the previous release lifecycle, but which have now been resolved in the latest release.  They can also be issues found during testing of the current release, which were resolved before the final deployment of the Production release.  Finally they can be issues which were reported or found during the testing phase, but which have been closed without any action taken.  

The Resolved Issues for the current SNOMED CT International Edition can be found here:

Technical updates

RF2 package format

The RF2 package convention dictates that all relevant files are included, regardless of whether or not there is content to be included in each release.  Therefore, the package contains a mixture of files which contain both header rows and content data, and files that (intentionally) include only header records.  The reason that these "empty" files are included in the package is to draw a clear distinction between:

1. ...files that have been deprecated (and therefore removed from the package completely), due to the content no longer being relevant to RF2 in future releases 

2. ...files that happen to contain no data in this particular release (and are therefore included in the package with just a header record), but are still relevant to RF2, and could therefore contain content in future releases.

This allows users to easily distinguish between the two scenarios, as otherwise if files in option 2 were left out of the package it could be interpreted as an error, rather than an intentional lack of content in that release.

Changes to the Annotations Refset format

Changes to the RefsetDescriptor records

 Proposal to increase the maximum length of Description Types

Please find below the link to the recent announcement on the proposal to increase the limit of characters allowed in Descriptions:

• https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=238158325

A community consultation has been launched to solicit feedback on a proposal to increase the size limits of SNOMED CT concept descriptions to 4096 from the current limit of 255 characters. While this change does not represent a modification of the existing specification, it could be disruptive to implementers who have coded fixed length limits into their systems.  

Please read the full proposal, along with the latest Q&A blog post which details the proposed change, its potential benefits, the feedback process and timelines, and the issues that may need to be considered in such an update:

• https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/mag/community-consultations/snomed-international-proposal-to-increase-description-length-limit
• https://www.snomed.org/news/blog%3A-snomed-international-seeks-community-feedback-on-proposed-description-character-limit-increase

As always, SNOMED International greatly appreciates any thoughts or opinions that you would like to raise.  If you would like to provide any feedback, please do so as soon as possible, at the very latest before the deadline on Dec 31, 2024.

Early visibility of impending changes in the upcoming

2025 Monthly International Edition releases

Please see the early visibility Early Visibility Release Notifications Confluence page for details of forthcoming changes.